House of Valois

(1423-1483) laid the foundation for the later absolute monarchy. While heir to the throne, he conspired several times against his father, Charles VII. Louis was living in exile when he became king upon his father's death in 1461. As king, Louis permanently broke the power of the nobles by the use of wily diplomacy and by crushing a series of revolts. Burgundy, Anjou, Maine, Provence, and other domains became integral parts of the vastly strengthened kingdom under him. Louis did much to rebuild France after the destruction caused by the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) with England. Although he heavily taxed France, he spent wisely, using the money to build such improvements as roads and canals. Highly religious, he built many churches.

(1462-1515) was called“father of the people,”mainly because he reduced taxes and punished dishonest officials. As Duke of Orléans, Louis became king on the death of his cousin, Charles VIII, in 1498. He then had his marriage to the daughter of Louis XI annulled so that he could marry Charles's widow, Anne of Brittany. Louis XII fought in Italy to win the cities of Genoa, Milan, Naples, and Venice. His armies were successful at first but eventually were driven out of Italy by a coalition called the Holy League.