10 Worst Ways History Has Repeated Itself

By: Clint Pumphrey & Melanie Radzicki McManus  | 
A newsie hawks papers announcing the sinking of the RMS Titanic. ARCHIVE HOLDINGS INC./HULTON ARCHIVE/GETTY IMAGES

Spanish philosopher George Santaya is credited with the old adage: "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." Sure, it's a little dramatic, and you wouldn't be blamed for letting loose a loud sigh and eye roll if someone said it to you in a preachy way. But the man who wrote these words had a good point. Continuity is necessary to progress — or, in normal-people words, we must remember stuff from our past in order to do it better in the future.

When you put it that way, it seems like common sense. You eat ice cream too fast and you get a headache. So next time you slow down a little. Clearly. But if history is full of warnings, we haven't always been very good at heeding them. The past is bursting with people who made mistakes similar to those of their predecessors, and, lo and behold, they suffered similar consequences. These tragedies are especially sad because they are often preventable.

Advertisement

So did all of history's disasters happen because some poor sap dropped the ball? Not really. Sometimes bad things happen that no one can control. And sometimes they happen over and over again to the same people. It's simply bad luck.

Either way, there are plenty of examples throughout history of repeat tragedies. Here are some of the worst.

10. Military Miscalculations

German soldiers
German soldiers prepare to attack during Operation Barbarossa, the code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of Russia in 1941. UNIVERSAL HISTORY ARCHIVE/UIG VIA GETTY IMAGES

Take it from Vizzini, the bald kidnapper in "The Princess Bride": "Never get involved in a land war in Asia!" Or, at the very least, get out of Russia before winter. That's the lesson both Napoleon Bonaparte and Adolf Hitler learned during their failed attempts to attack the massive Eurasian country. True, these were pretty bad dudes and the world is better off because they lost. But the horrific suffering of their armies nevertheless made the invasions similarly "inconceivable!"

In June 1812, Napoleon assembled an army of 600,000 to invade Moscow and subdue his former ally, Czar Alexander I [source: PBS]. As he marched into Russia, it was typhus-carrying lice, not enemy soldiers that began to take a toll on his forces. But despite typhus and trench fever, a weakened French army reached Moscow on Sept. 14, declaring victory in the largely vacated city [source: Knight]. On the return trip, however, temperatures plummeted to -34.6 degrees Fahrenheit (-37 Celsius), freezing the beleaguered soldiers' lips together and killing thousands of horses. Facing such harsh conditions with little food, as few as 10,000 men made it back home [sources: Brenstrum, Brinch].

Advertisement

Fast-forward to 1941 as Hitler's army began its own June invasion of Soviet Union, known as Operation Barbarossa. Believing victory would take only a few months — and despite owning several books about Napoleon — the Nazi leader sent his troops into battle ill prepared for the impending winter. Again, plummeting temperatures and a lack of warm coats and hats meant many returned home without ears, noses, fingers and even eyelids. By the end of Barbarossa, more than 800,000 Soviets had been killed, and another 6 million were wounded or captured. Another 775,000 Germans soldier were casualties, too, making Barbarossa one of the deadliest military operations in history.

9: Economic Crashes

foreclosure sign
Real estate bubbles were a shared aspect of both the Great Depression and Great Recession. Kimberly White/© Kimberly White/Corbis

In late 2007 the United States economy went into a tailspin. The stock market dropped like a lead balloon while the only thing going up, it seemed, was unemployment. Predictably, commentators soon began to make doomsday comparisons between the "Great Recession," as it became known, and the Great Depression of the 1930s. But was this really a repeat?

Certainly, the similarities were concerning. Both were preceded by periods of prosperity. Both came at a time when banks were experimenting with new ways of doing business (consumer credit in the 1920s and pooling mortgage debt in the 2000s). Both even followed asset bubbles, which occur when prices exceed what something is actually worth (Florida real estate and the stock market in the 1920s, and tech companies and real estate in the 2000s) [source: Geewax]. And then there was the sharp stock market decline in the first 18 months after the initial crash: 45 percent during the Great Depression and 54 percent during the Great Recession [source: Jacobsen].

Advertisement

By and large, however, the Great Depression was much worse. Its 43-month duration made the 18-month Great Recession seem mild by comparison. In the period after the 1929 crash, unemployment rose 19.3 percentage points compared to rising just 5.7 percentage points after 2007. And remember all the banks that failed during the Great Recession? There were 443, which seems high until you consider that some 9,000 closed during the Great Depression [source: Geewax]. Ouch.

8: Assassinations

JFK lies in state
The body of assassinated U.S. President John F. Kennedy lies in state in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol Nov. 24, 1963. The comparisons people draw between the assassinations of presidents Lincoln and Kennedy are mere coincidences. Abbie Rowe/PhotoQuest/Getty Images

You know those messages that get posted on social media claiming to reveal supposedly shocking coincidences between two historical events? If you're like many people, you probably can't find the delete button fast enough. But if not, you might have seen the one about the remarkable similarities between the assassinations of Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy.

While some of those claims have been debunked (it is the internet after all), some are true. Yep, both presidents were shot on Fridays with a fatal bullet to the head. Their successors were both named Johnson; Andrew Johnson was born in 1808 and Lyndon Johnson in 1908.

Advertisement

Both assassins — John Wilkes Booth and Lee Harvey Oswald — have 15 letters in their names. And, most peculiarly, Booth escaped from a theater and was captured in a warehouse (well, a tobacco shed), and Oswald fled a warehouse and was caught in a theater [source: Snopes].

These are pretty intriguing similarities, but before we declare a rip in the space-time continuum, consider this: There are a lot of other things that aren't similar. Lincoln and JFK weren't shot with the same gun. It wasn't the same time of day. Heck, it wasn't even in the same city. Perhaps, as some experts believe, it's simply human nature to look for patterns even if there really aren't any [source: Shermer].

7: Genocide

Rwandese refugees
Rwandese refugees cross the border into Tanzania in 1994. JEREMIAH KAMAU/Reuters/Corbis

When people think of genocide, chances are their minds quickly turn to the Holocaust. During the horrific event, Nazi Germany systematically rounded up and imprisoned Jews, gays, Roma people, communists and others who did not fit into Hitler's worldview.

Some 11 million concentration camp prisoners ultimately died from starvation, exhaustion or execution. It was so terrible, in fact, that German schools now mandate teaching of the Holocaust in hopes that future generations will never repeat the mistakes of their past [source: Frontline]. And other countries have pledged to stop it if it does happen. " ... never again will the world ... fail to act in time to prevent this terrible crime of genocide," U.S. President Jimmy Carter proclaimed in 1979 [source: Holocaust Museum].

Advertisement

But sadly there have been as many as two dozen instances of genocide since the Holocaust [source: Inter-Parliamentary Alliance]. That figure depends on how genocide is defined, but generally it involves violent crimes carried out against a group of people with the ultimate intent to exterminate them. Take Cambodia's Khmer Rouge, which, between 1975 and 1979, killed as many as 2 million political dissidents — a shocking one-third of the country's population.

Just 15 years later, during a 100-day span in 1994, Rwanda's Hutu government killed between one-half and 1 million Tutsis. Such crimes continue into the 21st century, as some leaders have accused Syrian president Bashar al-Assad of killing his own people to retain power [source: Holocaust Museum].

6: Pandemics

COVID-19 memorial
People walk through the flags of the "In America: Remember" public art installation near the Washington Monument in September 2021. The memorial commemorates the Americans who have died due to COVID-19. It includes more than 650,000 small plastic flags planted in 20 acres of the National Mall. Al Drago/Getty Images

It's a classic Hollywood storyline: A new disease pops up and spreads worldwide, much faster than science can come up with a cure. But this isn't just the stuff of action films. It's called a pandemic, and it's happened more than once in our history.

One that's still pretty well-known, despite the passage of several hundred years, is the Black Death, aka the plague. The plague originated in Asia, reaching Europe by the late 1340s, where it killed a staggering number of people. Because the records back then weren't entirely thorough, no one is completely sure how many died, but estimates range from 25 million to 100 million [source: WHO]. Either way, it was nothing to sneeze at. In some cities, so few people survived that there was no one to bury the dead [source: Kennedy].

Advertisement

But that only happened before modern medicine, right? Not exactly. Another pandemic began just four decades ago and continues to claim lives today: AIDS. This disease originated in Africa as early as 1920, but didn't spread worldwide until the 1980s [source: McCoy]. Since then, somewhere between 63 million and 89 million people have been infected with HIV, and 30 million to 42 million of those have died [source: UNAIDS]. That means, incredibly, that AIDS may have killed as many people — or even more — than the Black Death.

While the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic that began in late 2019 likely won't kill anywhere near that many people, its numbers are still chilling. Despite the rapid development of several effective vaccines within its first year, COVID-19 has infected some 24 million people as of October 2021 and killed nearly 5 million worldwide [source: Worldometer]. With many countries currently unable to obtain vaccines, and a stubborn percentage of the population refusing to get them, the virus continues to kill.

Sadly, as these recent pandemics show, despite all that we know about diseases, they still live on thanks to unsanitary conditions, cultural misunderstandings and a lack of education. Even the plague still rears its ugly head from time to time, particularly in developing countries in Africa and Asia. Which makes you wonder: Will we learn from these past pandemics, or are we setting ourselves up for more?

5: Shipwrecks

Doña Paz shipwreck
A victim of the 1987 Doña Paz shipwreck recovers in a hospital bed with his family at his side. PATRICK DURAND/SYGMA/CORBIS

The RMS Titanic. It's inspired countless documentaries, an Academy Award-winning motion picture, and not one, but several museums. You'd think from all that attention it must be the deadliest shipwreck of all time. But it's not even close.

Almost everyone, Leonardo DiCaprio fan or not, knows the basic story of the Titanic. In 1912 it set sail on its maiden voyage from England to New York, a luxurious and modern passenger liner that the builders claimed was "practically unsinkable." An iceberg in the North Atlantic proved them wrong, and the ship went down along with 1,503 of the passengers and crew [source: Louden-Brown]. A number of miscalculations by the builders, and the ship's captain — but most famously its shortage of lifeboats — led to the Titanic's demise.

Advertisement

Decades later, in December 1987, the ferry Doña Paz departed Tachloban in the Philippines bound for Manila. It was packed with people traveling for the Christmas holiday: some 4,000 passengers on a ship built to carry only about 1,400. Disaster struck in the Tablas Strait when the ferry collided with an oil tanker, causing a massive explosion that quickly sank both ships. A passing ship pulled a couple dozen survivors out of the water, but as many as 4,375 perished [source: Jackson]. It is still the world's worst peacetime maritime disaster and has even been called "Asia's Titanic" [source: National Geographic Channel].

4: Tornadoes

Moore, Oklahoma tornadoes
The small town of Moore, Oklahoma, has been hit by 23 tornadoes since the late 1800s, including an EF-5 June 2, 2013, that killed 24 people and destroyed hundreds of homes and businesses. Justin Sullivan/Getty Images

Tornadoes are bad news. These storms have proven time and time again that they can level large swaths of communities unfortunate enough to fall in their paths. Because of this deadly potential, people in Tornado Alley routinely flee to basements, closets and bathrooms when severe weather threatens. Usually, it's a false alarm. But sometimes a twister does touch down. And every great once in a while, one will strike twice in the same place in just a few years, months or even hours.

One such repeat happened in Harvest, Alabama, in March 2012. The town, which had just been hit by a tornado the previous April, found itself in the crosshairs of another powerful storm. Following a path nearly identical to the one before it, the tornado destroyed many of the same homes that had been repaired or rebuilt since the last disaster. Incredibly, this was the fourth tornado to hit Harvest since 1974 [source: Ariosto].

Advertisement

That's nothing compared to the 23 tornadoes that have hit tiny Moore, Oklahoma, since the late 1800s, including five in a five-year span. The deadliest event was May 3, 1999, when that year's tornado killed 36 and injured nearly 600 [source: NBC News].

Possibly the creepiest twister repeats occurred in Codell, Kansas, in 1916, 1917 and 1918. Not only did they strike during three consecutive years, but they all happened on the same day: May 20. The first two twisters, rated F2 and F3, didn't take any lives and caused only minimal damage. But the third was a powerful F4 that tore straight through the middle of town. Again, no one was killed — perhaps because the town had wised up to the weather's repeat antics [source: Kansas Historical Society].

3: Engineering Disasters

St. Francis dam
Just two years after the St. Francis dam was built outside Los Angeles in 1926, it collapsed, releasing 12 billion gallons of water and killing as many as 600 citizens below. ©Bettmann/CORBIS

Dam disasters are particularly dangerous because, unlike other structures, you don't have to be on or near them to be hurt when they fail. A catastrophic collapse can send millions, or even billions, of gallons of water into communities miles downstream. It's happened dozens of times, sometimes because of poor design and other times because of just downright bad luck.

One of the United States' most infamous dam collapses happened May 31, 1889, just outside of Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Looming just upstream was the South Fork Dam, which commenced operation in 1853 and had, disturbingly, already failed twice before. Because of poor construction and some equally misguided maintenance decisions, the dam failed, sending 3.6 billion gallons (16.4 billion liters) of water into the communities below. When the waters receded, 2,209 people were dead [source: National Park Service].

Advertisement

Despite the failure at Johnstown, few standards existed when dam builder extraordinaire William Mulholland built the St. Francis Dam in San Francisquito Canyon outside of Los Angeles in 1926. The first sign of trouble appeared on the morning of March 12, 1928, when water began pouring from one side of the concrete structure. By midnight it had collapsed, sending water and debris through town after downstream town. No one knows exactly how many people perished, but some estimates are as high as 600 [source: Blitz]. While there were many reasons for the dam's collapse, Mulholland and his subordinates used poor judgment throughout its construction [source: Association of State Dam Safety Officials].

2: School Shootings

school shooting
The lawn outside the U.S. Capitol is covered with 7,000 pairs of empty shoes to memorialize the 7,000 children killed by gun violence since the Sandy Hook school shooting, March 13, 2018. SAUL LOEB/AFP via Getty Images

Mass killings are in the news a lot lately, and perhaps the most tragic are those that occur in schools. Whether it's at a college like Virginia Tech, a high school like Columbine or an elementary school like Sandy Hook, the taking of young lives is an incredibly heartbreaking event.

One of the more tragic school massacres occurred at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. That's where a 20-year-old man arrived at 9:30 a.m. on Dec. 14, 2012, with two handguns and an assault rifle in tow. He had already killed his mother when he shot his way into the school and killed 20 students and six adults before turning the gun on himself. The children were just 6 and 7 years old [source: CNN].

Advertisement

People in the United States hoped that the senselessness of Sandy Hook might end school shootings, but it did not. It seemed to just embolden more shooters. In February 2018, a 19-year-old boy killed 17 students and wounded 14 more at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, a school from which he had been expelled. His weapon of choice: a semi-automatic rifle [source: Chuck, et al]. Then, just a few months later, another 17-year-old boy killed nine students and one teacher at Santa Fe High School near Houston, using a .35 revolver and shotgun [source: Hanna, et al]. The Marjory Stoneman Douglas shooting did spur the March For Our Lives movement by students, which demands an end to gun violence.

Many people think such killings are a recent phenomenon, but the deadliest school massacre occurred nearly a century ago in Bath, Michigan. In 1927, school board member Andrew Kehoe spent several months wiring the Bath School with explosives before detonating them May 18. The blasts killed 45 people, including 38 children. Like Lanza, Kehoe first killed a family member (his wife, Nellie) and later killed himself. While it was a terrible tragedy, it could have been even worse: Just 100 (45 kilograms) of the 600 pounds (272 kilograms) of dynamite Kehoe planted actually detonated as planned [source: Larson].

1: Mass Extinctions

polar bear
Scientists say we're on the brink of a sixth mass extinction event, if we're not already in the thick of it. VASILY MAXIMOV/AFP/GETTY IMAGES

When you talk about mass extinctions, you're not talking recent history. You're talking geological history. But this is, without a doubt, the worst way history has repeated itself. Why? Mass extinctions occur when more than 75 percent of all species on Earth die off in a relatively short geological period — less than 2.8 million years [source: Begum]. It's happened five times over the past 500 million years, and some scientists think we're in the early throes of the sixth.

One of the most notable of the "Big Five" extinctions, as they are known, is the Cretaceous-Tertiary event. It happened about 66 million years ago, when volcanic activity, climate change and an asteroid impact wiped out 76 percent of all species, including the dinosaurs. But the granddaddy of them all was the Permian mass extinction, also known as the Great Dying: A massive eruption in Siberia sparked a catastrophic chain reaction that killed an incredible 96 percent of all species [source: Begum].

Now some scientists claim the sixth mass extinction is already underway. That's because species are going extinct at a much faster rate than normal — possibly three to 12 times faster. That gives us three to 22 centuries to do something before we reach mass extinction territory, which is certainly something we don't want to repeat [source: Pappas].

History Repeats Itself FAQ

What are some examples of history repeating itself?
Some examples of history repeating itself are Napoleon and Hitler invading Russia, The Great Recession and The Great Depression, extinction events and the sinking of great ships like the Tek Sing, the Vasa and the Titanic.
What does “history doesn't repeat itself, but it often rhymes” mean?
This is a famous line by American public commentator and humorist, Mark Twain. The phrase describes the fact that history may not repeat the exact same events, but the same patterns tend to emerge over time.
What does “history repeats itself, first as tragedy, second as farce” mean?
Karl Marx said this to draw attention to the truth that when history repeats itself for the first time, it’s a tragedy. But when it repeats itself again, it becomes almost comical because people still haven’t learned the lesson. When Marx said this, he was referring to the fall of Napoleon I and the later reign of his nephew Napoleon III.

Lots More Information

Related Articles

More Great Links

  • Ariosto, David. "Storm-battered town hit twice in a year." CNN. March 4, 2012. (Nov. 5, 2015) http://www.cnn.com/2012/03/03/us/us-severe-weather-alabama-town/
  • Association of State Dam Safety Officials. "Case Study: St. Francis Dam (California, 1928)." (Oct. 20, 2021) https://damfailures.org/case-study/st-francis-dam-california-1928/
  • Begum, Tammana. "What is mass extinction and are we facing a sixth one?" Natural History Museum. May 19, 2021 (Oct. 26, 2021) https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-mass-extinction-and-are-we-facing-a-sixth-one.html
  • Blitz, Matt. "On Occasions Like This, I Envy the Dead: The St. Francis Dam Disaster." Smithsonian. March 12, 2015. (Nov. 6, 2015) http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/occasions-i-envy-dead-st-francis-dam-disaster-180954543/
  • Brenstrum, Erick. "Napoleon's Folly." New Zealand Geographic. July-August 2010. (Oct. 20, 2021) https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/napoleons-folly-2/
  • Brinch, Sara. "Charles-Joseph Minard's map of Napoleon's flawed Russian campaign: An ever-current classic." Science Norway. March 22, 2019. (Oct. 20, 2021) https://sciencenorway.no/blog-blog-from-numbers-to-graphics-statistics/charles-joseph-minards-map-of-napoleons-flawed-russian-campaign-an-ever-current-classic/1618695
  • Chuck, Elizabeth, et al. "17 killed in mass shooting at high school in Parkland, Florida." Feb. 14, 2018. (Oct. 21, 2021) https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/police-respond-shooting-parkland-florida-high-school-n848101
  • CNN. "Sandy Hook Shooting: What Happened?" 2012. (Nov. 6, 2015) http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/12/us/sandy-hook-timeline/
  • Demuynck, Sarah et al. "Acts of Genocide Committed Since the Adoption of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in 1951." Inter-Parliamentary Alliance for Human Rights and Global Peace. 2015. (Nov. 3, 2015) http://www.ipahp.org/index.php?en_acts-of-genocide
  • Filip, Iulia. "Avoiding the Black Plague Today." The Atlantic. April 11, 2014. (Nov. 4, 2015) http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/04/avoiding-black-plague-today/360475/
  • Frontline. "Holocaust Education in Germany: An Interview." May 31, 2005. (Nov. 3, 2015) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/germans/germans/education.html
  • Geewax, Marilyn. "Did the Great Recession Bring Back the 1930s?" NPR. July 11, 2012. (Nov. 2, 2015) http://www.npr.org/2012/07/11/155991507/did-the-great-recession-bring-back-the-1930s
  • Hanna, Jason, et al. "Alleged shooter at Texas high school spared people he liked, court document says." CNN. May 19, 2018. (Oct. 21, 2021) https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/18/us/texas-school-shooting/index.html
  • History.com. "Ferry collides with oil tanker near Manila." 2009. (Nov. 4, 2015) http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ferry-collides-with-oil-tanker-near-manila
  • Huffington Post Weird News. "Lincoln-Kennedy Coincidences: Why Do They Still Thrive On The Internet?" March 8, 2013. (Nov. 3, 2015) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/07/lincoln-kennedy-coincidences_n_2829442.html
  • Jackson, Joe. "Unsafe at Sea: Asia's History of Deadly Ferry Disasters." Time. Jan. 20, 2012. (Nov. 4, 2015) http://world.time.com/2012/01/20/unsafe-at-sea-asias-history-of-deadly-ferry-disasters/slide/mv-dona-paz-philippines-1987/
  • Jacobson, Louis. "Comparing the Great Recession and the Great Depression." Politifact. Sept. 19, 2013. (Nov. 2, 2015) http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2013/sep/19/comparing-great-recession-and-great-depression/
  • Kansas Historical Society. "Tornadoes." June 2014. (Nov. 5, 2015) https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/tornadoes/12223
  • Kennedy, Maev. "Black Death study lets rats off the hook." The Guardian. Aug. 17, 2011. (Nov. 4, 2015) http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/17/black-death-rats-off-hook
  • Knight, Joe. "Napoleon Wasn't Defeated by the Russians." Slate. Dec. 11, 2012. (Nov. 2, 2015) http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/pandemics/2012/12/napoleon_march_to_russia_in_1812_typhus_spread_by_lice_was_more_powerful.html
  • Larson, Leslie. "Chilling echoes of Sandy Hook: Survivors of America's deadliest school massacre in which 45 children and teachers died show solidarity with the people of Newtown." Daily Mail. Dec. 19, 2012. (Nov. 6, 2015) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2250765/Bath-Massacre-Survivors-Americas-deadliest-school-violence-solidarity-people-Newtown.html
  • Louden-Brown, Paul. "Titanic: Sinking the Myths." BBC. March 3, 2011. (Nov. 4, 2015) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/titanic_01.shtml
  • McCoy, Terrence. "Scientists reveal distant origins of the AIDS pandemic." The Washington Post. Oct. 6, 2014. (Nov. 4, 2015) https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/10/06/scientists-reveal-distant-origins-of-the-aids-pandemic/
  • National Geographic Channel. "Asia's Titanic." 2015. (Nov. 4, 2015) http://natgeotv.com/asia/asias-titanic
  • National Park Service. "South Fork Dam." Nov. 6, 2015. (Nov. 6, 2015) http://www.nps.gov/jofl/learn/historyculture/south-fork-dam.htm
  • NBC News. "Moore, Oklahoma Slammed by Five Tornadoes in Five Years." March 25, 2015. (Oct. 21, 2021) https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/5-tornadoes-5-years-moore-oklahoma-dusts-again-n330561
  • Pappas, Stephanie. "Humans on Verge of Causing 6th Great Mass Extinction." LiveScience. March 2, 2011. (Nov. 5, 2015) http://www.livescience.com/13038-humans-causing-sixth-mass-extinction.html
  • PBS. "Napoleon at War: Campaigns and Battles." November 2000. (Nov. 2, 2015) http://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/n_war/campaign/page_12.html
  • Rees, Laurence. "Hitler's Invasion of Russia in World War Two." BBC. March 30, 2011. (Nov. 2, 2015) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/hitler_russia_invasion_01.shtml
  • Roberts, Andrew. "Second World War: Frozen to death by the Fuhrer." The Telegraph. July 25, 2009. (Nov. 2, 2015) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/britain-at-war/5907564/Second-World-War-Frozen-to-death-by-the-Fuhrer.html
  • Santayana, George. "The Life of Reason: Introduction and Reason in Common Sense." IUPUI. (Oct. 20, 2021) https://santayana.iupui.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Common-Sense-ebook.pdf
  • Shermer, Michael. "Patternicity: Finding Meaningful Patterns in Meaningless Noise." Scientific American. Nov. 17, 2008. (Nov. 3, 2015) http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/patternicity-finding-meaningful-patterns/
  • Snopes.com. "Linkin' Kennedy." Feb. 12, 2015. (Nov. 3, 2015) http://www.snopes.com/history/american/lincoln-kennedy.asp
  • UNAIDS. "Fact Sheet." 2013. (Nov. 4, 2015) http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/campaigns/globalreport2013/factsheet/
  • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. "Cases." 2015. (Nov. 3, 2015) http://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/cases
  • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. "Frequently Asked Questions." 2015. (Nov. 3, 2015) http://www.ushmm.org/research/ask-a-research-question/frequently-asked-questions
  • Worldometer. "COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic." Oct. 20, 2021. (Oct. 20, 2021) https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/

Advertisement

Loading...